The Death Penalty Essay - 1262 Words

The death penalty is currently used by 34 states and is used by the federal government for punishing federal crimes. And in most cases the death penalty is used when the criminal has been convicted of murder. However, two people have been sentenced to death for the rape of a minor. The definition of the death penalty is: execution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense. This begs the question does the government have the right to take away someone’s life? And if so is it ethical and moral? Overall the goal of the Criminal Justice system is to give the right sentence and protect the people. Even though the death penalty does this, there are better more efficient ways to accomplish that†¦show more content†¦This is also known as an eye for an eye punishment. Although I agree that the criminal deserves rash punishment morale and ethical values come into play. Another great saying is two wrongs don’t make a right. The idea of punishing violence with violence essentially condones the use of violence. This has not yet been definitively determined but the fact that the government utilizes violence in a sense condones the use of it. At the very least, it may make it seem that vigilante justice is acceptable. So this doesn’t necessarily mean society is safer because it is not yet definitely decided that the punishment deters crime. Furthermore, the money that the punishment wastes could be used to make the community safer. As a result, the penalty has an adverse effect on public safety. A good example is the south has the most executions by far, and they also have the highest murder rate. So maybe if the government spent more money on making school systems better and making sure kids stay on the right track and don’t get involved in crime they would have to worry less about giving the death penalty. And therefore getting rid of the death penalty would be an easy decision. Along with the Moral and Ethical problems the death penalty has monetary problems too. The cost of housing inmates on death row and the extra cost of appeals results in a total extra cost of 65 million dollars a year. All of that money is being wasted on a criminal who isn’t even worth the time to kill him. IfShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Is Justified1143 Words   |  5 PagesAllison Shu 2/25/16 Period 2 Objective paper on the death penalty Capital punishment is legally authorized killing as punishment for a crime. The death penalty questions the morality of killing a person as justification for their crime. It also brings to question whether the death penalty actually serves as a deterrent for crime, and that some of the people executed are found innocent afterwards. The debates over the constitutionality of the death penalty and whether capital punishment should be usedRead MoreThe Death Penalty For Juveniles946 Words   |  4 Pages The death penalty for minors differs greatly from the death penalty for adult. The law that minor could be put on death row was decided to rule against the eighth amendment. The eighth amendment prohibits the act of â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† which putting minors on death row breaks. On March 4, 2005 the law that minors could not be put on death row for their actions was set into place. The new laws say, â€Å"They cannot punish a minor by death penalty and they cannot punish someone for a crimeRead MorePro Death Penalty Speech1482 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduce myself before we get started. My name is Slick Perry and if you didn’t already know, I am the state governor of Texas. You are all aware that we are reviewing our recidivism rate to various crimes and reviewing our stance regarding the death penalty as we approach 2009. Everyone here understands that capital punishment is a very controversial topic in the United States. In Texas, from December 1982 through August 2008, only 361 criminals of the millions of Texans in our good state were executedRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Mandatory?925 Words   |  4 Pagesopinions on the subject. When we were discussing the death penalty although my opinion didn’t change, after hearing what some of my classmates had to say about the subject during our lab I was able to respectfully see why they had those thoughts and feelings about the subject. I believe that we should have the death penalty, and that it helps prevents more crime from happening. However, during our lab students that thought we should ban the death penalty had some pretty interesting reasons behind theirRead MoreThe Truth About The Death Penalty973 Words   |  4 Pages In her article â€Å"The Truth About The Death Penalty†, Carina Kolodny argues that the death penalty should be abolished in all fifty states due to the fact that it is ineffective and very expensive. Kolodny believes that capital punishment has too many complications and variables that cause it be more of an issue than a real solution for capital offenses. She proposes that the death penalty should be dropped and exchanged for better programs such as Proposition 34, which replaces capital punishmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal1805 Words   |  8 Pagesthat we all know is the death penalty. This penalty has been going around for years. To many people it might be the best way of punishing a person. On the other hand there are people who think that if you kill a person you should be sentenced to die as well. For me I would say it might not be the best way and it not working as many would like it. When choosing if you are for the death penalty you have to okay with an insect person dyeing or even a family member being in death row. I know that is somethingRead MoreThe Death Penalty : An Effective Reliable Tool904 Words   |  4 Pagesthe death penalty has been a frequent topic of discussion, as our recent technological advancements have evidently led individuals to consider the â€Å"new found† legitimacy of our court systems, as statistics display that our previous racial bias and the apparent morality of the practice itself have a miniscule impact on our conviction rate. Both the advancements and ethics that the death penalty provides become apparent through the utilization of anecdotes and statistics, as the death penalty has prevailedRead MoreThe Bible and Death Penalty Essay example812 Words   |  4 Pagesa person’s view of the Bible influence what they think about the death penalty for murderers.† I would like to see if a person’s view of the bible influence what they think of the death penalty. This is interesting to me because I am interested in the field of criminal justice and the death penalty is a huge topic to this day. There are many journals that talk about studies that were done on religion and views of the death penalty which have to do with my topic of interest. My hypothesis is thatRead More The Death Penalty Is Archaic and Immoral Essays559 Words   |  3 Pages The death penalty is simply a modernized version of the Holy Bible’s â€Å"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a hand for a hand, a foot for a foot†. Some argue that death is a necessary retribution for murderous cases - but is it effective morally? Revenge only glorifies violence, which is most definitely not the message the world strives to display. The death penalty is a negative form of punishment and insinuates a harsh reflection of society economically, politically, and socially. Read MoreEssay on Death Penalty - Herrera vs Collins1337 Words   |  6 PagesDeath Penalty - Herrera vs Collins The Supreme Court addressed the constitutionality of executing someone who claimed actual innocence in Herrera v. Collins (506 U.S. 390 (1993)). Although the Court left open the possibility that the Constitution bars the execution of someone who conclusively demonstrates that he or she is actually innocent, the Court noted that such cases would be very rare. The Court held that, in the absence of other constitutional violations, new evidence of innocence is no

The Sociological Aspects Of Aging - 1722 Words

The beginning of the 21st century has been the most remarkable time in the history of human life with respect to life expectancy. Individuals on a planetary scale are living longer than was previously envisaged. More than 36 million people in some of the world’s largest economies, along with a number of European countries, are above the age of 60. Better living conditions, improved health standards and proper medical care are key determinants of longevity of life. Individuals who are 40 years old can prepare to age well if they understand certain aspects that can aid them to age gracefully. Ageing well is dependent on the extent to which individuals are able to remain conscious of the social, psychological, and physical challenges of the aged. The sociological aspects of aging are defined by the activities an individual engages in while transitioning to old age. To age well, a person needs to take part in social activities that deal with family or the community. For instance, joining a members club or offering to volunteer in certain activities aid in ageing well. It is, however, important to note that social perspectives of aging are diverse across different cultures. For instance, a 40-year-old individual in the United States may not have similar ageing aspects as a person living in Africa or parts of Europe. Gerontologists have on many occasions provided a number of reasons to explain the essence of aging, yet such perspectives can comprehensively be understoodShow MoreRelatedSociological Aging : A Sociological Perspective Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesSociological Aging Social aging is referring to the changes in individual’s roles and relationship in the society as they age. There are many different theories concerning sociological aging. Social theories on aging examine the relationship between individual experiences and social institutions e.g., aging and retirement; aging and institutional care; aging and government policy etc (Barkan 2012). All have limitations, and some can be considered more than others when attempting to understand socialRead MoreAging Essay716 Words   |  3 PagesAging Throughout the semester we have tried to understand individual choice and individual experiences in the context of social forces and constraints, and the patterning of experience by location in the social structure. Present your understanding of this very sociological perspective. Use examples and readings to support your position. Illustrate your points by referring to a specific phenomenon. Many times when asked about aging, people will respond with the statement, Aging is whatRead MoreDr. Harold Schlender : Aging Experience And The First One1685 Words   |  7 PagesAs individuals age, the capability to do daily activities declines to some point in every person. Older people have a tendency to have more illnesses and disabilities than younger people. There are various changes that go along with aging and they are more than just changes in health. Social influences an older person s risk and experience of illness. Physicians frequently conduct a social history to aid them and other associates of the health care team evaluate an individual care, needs and socialRead MoreSymbolic Interactionist Perspective In Sociology1543 Words   |  7 Pagesscientists who apply symbolic-interactionist thinking, look for patterns of interaction among individuals through one-on-one observations. Functionalist Perspective According to the Functionalist Perspective, also known as functionalism, each aspect of society is interdependent and the parts its people have in it all contribute to society’s functioning as a whole. Largely based on the works of Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton, functionalism states that societyRead MoreThe Aging American Population Essay648 Words   |  3 PagesThe Aging American Population The American population has changed dramatically over the last century. Our society has become effected by this in all areas and walks of life. It is unknown what the future holds for America, but the statistical trends in an aging population may shed some light. The Read MoreEffects Of Aging On Our Popular Cultures, Tv Ads And Magazines927 Words   |  4 Pages1. Images of aging in our popular cultures, TV ads and magazines etc. show that aging is factor that is always unpreventable for all of us but we cannot prevent aging and everyone will convert into an old age person. Most of TV ads and magazines are about beauty and about maintenance of younger age such as ads about skin care creams, anti aging creams, anti-marks and anti wrinkle creams, perfumes, lip sticks etc. all are for younger people. We see very less commercials and ads of products which areRead MoreExplain Factors Influencing Ageing, and Explain Ways in Which Health and Social Care Workers Support the Independence and Wellbeing of Older People.980 Words   |  4 PagesP1 explain theories of ageing. In this assignment I will be explain 4 theories and link it to a scenario that was given by the teacher in class. Sociological/psychological theories; * Disengagement theory * Activity theory Biological theories: * Genetically programmed theory * Disposable soma theory * Disengagement theory This theory Cumming and Henry in 1961 suggests that when Andy is to get older he will withdraw from the society in preparation for death and this couldRead MoreEssay about Growing Old1073 Words   |  5 Pageswill go through the aging process. However, how well each endures that process depends on the individual. After my Visit at English Oaks Convalescent Home, a skilled nursing facility for adults’ age 55 and older, I found this to be true. During my visit, I conversed with many â€Å"residents† whom were alert and oriented and very aware of the aging process. We conversed about the process of aging and the factors that appear to account for a longer life. We talked about adjusting to aging as well as the positivesRead MoreLife Span Development : Cognitive, Social, And Physical Development933 Words   |  4 Pageshuman growth and change, focusing on change during the life span. There are three main aspects to life span development: cognitive, social, and physical development. This class is not simply a discussion of nature vs. nurture, it explores the interaction between genetic and environmental factors that orient us towards specific behaviors. Initially, my views on life span development were limited to more sociological factors, and did not take into consideration physical developments of the brain. In relationRead MoreTheory of Successful Aging1648 Words   |  7 PagesTheory Of Successful Aging INTERNAL CRITICISM Adequacy: The Flood’s Theory of Successful Aging (Flood, 2005) was developed to addresses a nursing theory for care of the older adult regarding to the lack of nursing theory that offers clearly delineated guidelines for care of aging. Flood’s(2002) unique definition of successful aging among other explanations includes mental, physical, and spiritual elements of the aging person and emphasizing the individuals self appraisal. She used existing knowledge

Feminist Interpretation of Hemingway’s Story Free Essays

Portfolio Popovics Anamaria, An II, Romà ¢n?-Englez? L121A feminist interpretation of Hemingway’s †Hills like White Elephants† Hemingway’s works have largely covered the subject of feminism, and his short story †Hills like white elephants† perfectly portrays a woman who breaks the norms of a society dominated by men and masculinity. As we all know, feminism is a social movement , an ideology which focuses on achieving rights for women . Women should be equal to men in each and every way. We will write a custom essay sample on Feminist Interpretation of Hemingway’s Story or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Hemingway’s short story we have two important characters: The American and The Girl. It should be noted that we can acknowledge only from the nicknames the author gives us that †The American† seems to be superior from a plain old †Girl† . Is the girl American too ? Is she of another nationality? We aren’t told this , but this makes us wonder just how important women were in the 20th century , how much they depended on men , how they didn’t matter in society , how their feelings or opinions were pretty much non existent. This simple question gives a major clue on who is superior and who is inferior in the couple’s relationship. Even from the beginning , when the Girl asks her partner about what they should drink , we can pretty much realise just how much she cares for her boyfriend’s opinions and thoughts. It may seem just as a simple question , but if we analyze the whole text we surely get to the conclusion that the Girl really has surpressed feelings, frustrations , her own thoughts only get voice at the end of the short story , when she finally sees just how her relationship really is. The girl is clearly submissive to her dominant boyfriend, and she wants to do the things that please him. She is inferior in this case as she doesn’t know the Spanish language, she can’t order by herself, she depends on her boyfriend. I think that there are many famales who depend on their partner, but that it is much better to be an independent woman. Women shouldn’t feel inferior to men, they should consider themselves as men’s equals. The woman is clearly used to pleasing her boyfriend and doing whatever he wants.†Although â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† is primarily a conversation between the American man and his girlfriend, neither of the speakers truly communicates with the other, highlighting the rift between the two. Both talk, but neither listens or understands the other’s point of view. Frustrated and placating, the American man will say almost anything to convince his girlfriend to have the operation, which, although never mentioned by name, is understood to be an abortion.†Ã‚  (Source : SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Hills Like White Elephants.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2007. Web. 19 May 2017.) The American man’s girlfriend is a girl who doesn’t speak up when talking about the abortion. It is clear that she doesn’t want to have it, and even though she doesn’t argue with her boyfriend their conversation is really tensionate. She is the typical american girl in the 20th century, a girl that would to anything for the man she loves, not caring about the consequences. I would now like to talk about Jig’s (the nickname the Girl is given by her boyfriend, we don’t know her actual name) feminist journey thourought the really short story. At the beginning , she really seems to be willing to do anything she can to save her relationship , even have an operation , an abortion . I truly believe she wakes up at one point in the conversation and realises there is nothing to save , that an abortion can’t fix what’s already damaged in the relationship . The American is clearly oblivious to his girlfriend’s or, better said, the mother of his unborn child’s needs and true wishes, and he really pressures her to do something that mainly affects her, she should be the one taking the decision about having a child or not , not anyone else. One quote of the text regarding the feiminist awakening in the Girl’s soul is particularly important and worth mentioning : † Then I’ll do it, I don’t care about me.†(Source : †Hills like white elephants, by Ernest Hemingway from Charters, Ann, Ed. The Story and its Writer: An Introduction to Short Fiction. 6th Ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003). This quote is especially relevant from a feminist point of view. Even though, at first, I actually thought that the woman wants to please her boyfriend and do as he wants her to do, I think that this is the moment she actually realises that everything she’s done so far was only for him, she was careless when it came to her needs, her wishes and she is now actually waking up. She seems to realise just how much her dominant boyfriend is asking of her and she seems to have had enough. If we think about reporting this quote to real life we may say that women, even today, care about their partner’s feeling more than they care about their own person. In today’s relationships men try to dominate women and try to have the upper hand, and women are unfortunately are usually inferior to their partner and get to a point where they feel helpless, with low self-esteem and unhappy. Another quote that gives a glimpse of the Girl’s realization that she does in fact want to keep the baby and doesn’t want to have any operation at all is â€Å"But if I do it, then it will be nice again if I say things are like white elephants, and you’ll like it?† (Source : †Hills like white elephants, by Ernest Hemingway from Charters, Ann, Ed. The Story and its Writer: An Introduction to Short Fiction. 6th Ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003) †By this point, midway through the story, the girl has already retracted her previous comment that the surrounding hills look like white elephants, hinting that she wants to keep the baby instead of having an abortion. The man had been upset at this, feigning indifference but pushing for the abortion because he doesn’t want the child. Still hoping to save their broken relationship, the girl asks her boyfriend whether things between them will return to the way they used to be if she goes through with the abortion. Her indecision and desire to placate the man demonstrate her dependence on him. At the same time, however, the mere fact that she asks the question may imply that she believes that nothing can save their relationship.† (Source : SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Hills Like White Elephants.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2007. Web. 19 May 2017) This quote unveils, once again, Jig’s awakening. She subtly hints at the fact that she doesn’t want to have the operation, but wants the relationship between her and the American to be a happy and successfull one, as it once was. She asks this question knowing that things may never be as they once were, she slowly realizes that the relationship has reached its finish, and that no operation can fix what made the couple grow apart. I feel like the Girl’s feelings are finally surfacing, and that the American is at this point as clueless as he can be. The not so long conversation between the two is a real game changer for the relationship. The two aren’t arguing or shouting, but the dialogue is really tensionate, it truly shows that there are a lot of things on the deeper level. The Girl is no longer just a plain girl, she has a voice, she has feelings and she is not afraid to speak up anymore, even though the one she is talking to doesn’t understand much at all. In the end, I am completely sure that she is coming out of her submissive girfriend shell and that she realizes she can be an independent woman, taking care of a child without the help of its father. Hemingway doesn’t actually tells us if the woman decides to have the abortion or not, but from all the subltle hints in the Girl’s dialogue I think it is safe to assume that she is keeping the baby and getting out of the toxic relationship with her overly dominant boyfriend. To conclude my essay, I would like to state the fact that this short story is truly a story of a woman who has her feminist awakening, a woman who gets out of the cage she’s been kept in by her dominant partner, a woman who finally speaks up her mind. Hemingway ingeniously brings to life an independent, s trong woman, and a real life situation common to our days. How to cite Feminist Interpretation of Hemingway’s Story, Papers

Blue Boxing Essay Example For Students

Blue Boxing Essay To quote Karl Marx, blue boxing has always been the most noble form of phreaking. As opposed to such things as using an MCI code to make a free fone call, which is merely mindless pseudo-phreaking, blue boxing is actual interaction with the Bell System toll network. It is likewise advisable to be more cautious when blue boxing, but the careful phreak will not be caught, regardless of what type of switching system he is under. In this part, I will explain how and why blue boxing works, as well as where. In later parts, I will give more practical information for blue boxing and routing information. To begin with, blue boxing is simply communicating with trunks. Trunks must not be confused with subscriber lines (or customer loops) which are standard telefone lines. Trunks are those lines that connect central offices. Now, when trunks are not in use (i.e., idle or on-hook state) they have 2600Hz applied to them. If they are two-way trunks, there is 2600Hz in both directions. When a trunk IS in use (busy or off-hook state), the 2600Hz is removed from the side that is off-hook. The 2600Hz is therefore known as a supervisory signal, because it indicates the status of a trunk; on hook (tone) or off-hook (no tone). Note also that 2600Hz denoted SF (single frequency) signalling and is in-band. This is very important. In-band means that is within the band of frequencies that may be transmitted over normal telefone lines. Other SF signals, such as 3700Hz are used also. However, they cannot be carried over the telefone network normally (they are out-of-band and are therefore not able to be taken advantage of as 2600Hz is. Back to trunks. Lets take a hypothetical phone call. You pick up your fone and dial 1+806-258-1234 (your good friend in Amarillo, Texas). For ease, well assume that you are on #5 Crossbar switching and not in the 806 area. Your central office (CO) would recognize that 806 is a foreign NPA, so it would route the call to the toll centre that serves you. For the sake of accuracy here, and for the more experienced readers, note that the CO in question is a class 5 with LAMA that uses out-of-band SF supervisory signalling. Depending on where you are in the country, the call would leave your toll centre (on more trunks) to another toll centre, or office of higher rank. Then it would be routed to central office 806-258 eventually and the call would be completed. IllustrationACO1-TC1TC2-CO2-BA. youCO1=your central officeTC1.. your toll office.TC2.. toll office in Amarillo.CO2.. 806-258 central office.B. your friend (806-258-1234)In this situation it would be realistic to say that CO2 uses SFin-band (2600Hz) signalling, while all the others use out-of-band signalling (3700Hz). If you dont understand this, dont worry. I am pointing this out merely for the sake of accuracy. The point is that while you are connected to 806-258-1234, all those trunks from YOUR central office (CO1) to the 806-258 central office (CO2) do *NOT* have 2600Hz on them, indicating to the Bell equipment that a call is in progress and the trunks are in use. Now lets say youre tired of talking to your friend in Amarillo, so you send a 2600Hz down the line. This tone travels down the line to your friends central office (CO2) where it is detected. However, that CO thinks that the 2600Hz is originating from Bell equipment, indicating to it that youve hung up, and thus the trunks are once again idle (with 2600Hz present on them). But actually, you have not hung up, you have fooled the equipment atyour friends CO into thinking you have. Thus,it disconnects him and resets the equipment to prepare for the next call. All this happens very quickly (300-800ms for step-by-step equipment and 150-400ms for other equipment). When you stop sending 2600Hz (after about a second), the equipment thinks that another call is coming towards on hook, no tone off hook. .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826 , .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826 .postImageUrl , .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826 , .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826:hover , .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826:visited , .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826:active { border:0!important; } .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826:active , .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826 .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubde4eefaeb8602902088cac5dd022826:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Videos Debate Essay Now that youve stopped sending 2600Hz, several things happen:1) A trunk is seized.2) A wink is sent to the CALLING end from the CALLED end indicating thatthe CALLED end (trunk) is not ready to receive digits yet.3) A register is found and attached to the CALLED end of the trunk withinabout two seconds (max).4) A start-dial signal is sent to the CALLING end from the CALLED endindicating that the CALLED end is ready to receive digits. Now, all of this is pretty much transparent to the blue boxer. All hereally hears when these four things happen is a . So,seizure of a trunk would go something like this:1 Send a 2600Hz2 Terminate 2600Hz after 1-2 secs.3 beepkerchunkOnce this happens, you are connected to a tandem that is ready to obey yourevery command. The next step is to send signalling information in order toplace your call. For this you must simulate the signalling used byoperators and automatic toll-dialing equipment for use on trunks. There aremainly two systems, DP and MF. However, DP went out with the dinosaurs, soIll only discuss MF signalling. MF (multi-frequency) signalling is thesignalling used by the majority of the inter- and intra-lata network. It isalso used in international dialing known as the CCITT no.5 system.MF signals consist of 7 frequecies, beginning with 700Hz and separated by200Hz. A different set of two of the 7 frequencies represent the digits 0thru 9, plus an additional 5 special keys. T he frequencies and uses are asfollows:Frequencies (Hz) DomesticIntl- 700+900 11 700+110022 900+110033 700+130044 900+1300551100+130066 700+150077 900+1500881100+1500991300+150000 700+1700ST3p Code 1 900+1700STp Code 11100+1700KPKP11300+1700ST2p KP21500+1700STST The timing of all the MF signals is a nominal 60ms, except for KP, whichshould have a duration of 100ms. There should also be a 60ms silent periodbetween digits. This is very flexible however, and most Bell equipment willaccept outrageous timings. In addition to the standard useslisted above, MF pulsing also has expanded usages known as expandedinband signalling that include such things as coin collect, coin return,ringback, operator attached, and operator attached, and operatorreleased. KP2, code 11, and code 12 and the ST_ps (STart primes all havespecial uses which will be mentioned only briefly here.To complete a call using a blue box once seizure of a trunk has beenaccomplished by sending 2600Hz and pausing for the , onem ust first send a KP. This readies the register for the digits that follow.For a standard domestic call, the KP would be followed by either 7 digits(if the call were in the same NPA as the seized trunk) or 10 digits (if thecall were not in the same NPA as the seized trunk). Exactly like dialingnormal fone call. Following either the KP and 7 or 10 digits, a STart issent to signify that no more digits follow. Example of a complete call:1 Dial 1-806-258-12342 wait for a call-progress indication (such as ring,busy,recording,etc.)3 Send 2600Hz for about 1 second.4 Wait for about ll-progress indication (such as ring,busy,recording,etc.)5 Send KP+305+994+9966+STThe call will then connect if everything was done properly. Note that if acall to an 806 number were being placed in the same situation, the are codewould be omitted and only KP + seven digits + ST would be sent.Code 11 and code 12 are used in international calling to requestcertain types of operators. KP2 is used in international ca lling to route acall other than by way of the normal route, whether for economic orequipment reasons. STp, ST2p, and ST3p (prime, two prime, and three prime)are used in TSPS signalling to indicate calling type of call (such ascoin-direct dialing.It all started here. Exodus